人妻少妇专区

First-of-its-kind experimental evidence defies conventional theories about how plasmas emit or absorb radiation.

Most people are familiar with solids, liquids, and gases as three states of matter. However, a fourth state of matter, called plasmas, is the most abundant form of matter in the universe, found throughout our solar system in the sun and other planetary bodies. Because dense plasma鈥攁 hot soup of atoms with free-moving electrons and ions鈥攖ypically only forms under extreme pressure and temperatures, scientists are still working to comprehend the fundamentals of this state of matter. Understanding how atoms react under extreme pressure conditions鈥攁 field known as high-energy-density physics (HEDP)鈥攇ives scientists valuable insights into the fields of planetary science, astrophysics, and fusion energy.

One important question in the field of HEDP is how plasmas emit or absorb radiation. Current models depicting radiation transport in dense plasmas are heavily based on theory rather than experimental evidence.

In a published in Nature Communications, researchers at the 人妻少妇专区 (LLE) used LLE鈥檚 OMEGA laser to study how radiation travels through dense plasma. The research, led by , a distinguished scientist and group leader of the at the LLE and an associate professor of , and , a senior scientist in the LLE鈥檚 Laser-Plasma Interaction group, provides first-of-its-kind experimental data about the behavior of atoms at extreme conditions. The data will be used to improve plasma models, which allow scientists to better understand the evolution of stars and may aid in the realization of controlled nuclear fusion as an alternative energy source.

鈥淓xperiments using laser-driven implosions on OMEGA have created extreme matter at pressures several billion times the atmospheric pressure at Earth鈥檚 surface for us to probe how atoms and molecules behave at such extreme conditions,鈥� Hu says. 鈥淭hese conditions correspond to the conditions inside the so-called envelope of white dwarf stars as well as inertial fusion targets.鈥�

Using x-ray spectroscopy

The researchers used x-ray spectroscopy to measure how radiation is transported through plasmas. X-ray spectroscopy involves aiming a beam of radiation in the form of x-rays at a plasma made of atoms鈥攊n this case, copper atoms鈥攗nder extreme pressure and heat. The researchers used the OMEGA laser both to create the plasma and to create the x-rays aimed at the plasma.

When the plasma is bombarded with x-rays, the electrons in the atoms 鈥渏ump鈥� from one energy level to another by either emitting or absorbing photons of light. A detector measures these changes, revealing the physical processes that are occurring inside the plasma, similar to taking an x-ray diagnostic of a broken bone.

A break from conventional theory

The researchers鈥� experimental measurements indicate that, when radiation travels through a dense plasma, the changes in atomic energy levels do not follow conventional quantum mechanics theories often used in plasma physics models鈥攕o-called 鈥渃ontinuum-lowering鈥� models. The researchers instead found that the measurements they observed in their experiments can be best explained using a self-consistent approach based on density-functional theory (DFT). DFT offers a quantum mechanical description of the bonds between atoms and molecules in complex systems. The DFT method was first described in the 1960s and was the subject of the .

鈥淭his work reveals fundamental steps for rewriting current textbook descriptions of how radiation generation and transport occurs in dense plasmas,鈥� Hu says. 鈥淎ccording to our experiments, using a self-consistent DFT approach more accurately describes the transport of radiation in a dense plasma.鈥�
Says Nilson, 鈥淥ur approach could provide a reliable way for simulating radiation generation and transport in dense plasmas encountered in stars and inertial fusion targets. The experimental scheme reported here, based on a laser-driven implosion, can be readily extended to a wide range of materials, opening the way for far-reaching investigations of extreme atomic physics at tremendous pressures.鈥�

Researchers from Prism Computational Sciences and Sandia National Laboratories and additional researchers from the LLE, including physics graduate students David Bishel and Alex Chin, also contributed to this project.

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