{"id":466332,"date":"2021-01-27T11:55:44","date_gmt":"2021-01-27T16:55:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/?p=466332"},"modified":"2022-01-30T11:28:45","modified_gmt":"2022-01-30T16:28:45","slug":"new-research-on-carbon-opens-secrets-inside-exoplanets-466332","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/new-research-on-carbon-opens-secrets-inside-exoplanets-466332\/","title":{"rendered":"New research on carbon cracks open secrets deep inside exoplanets"},"content":{"rendered":"
Measuring carbon at the highest pressures ever achieved in a laboratory, researchers report first model of carbon structures that may make up planets outside the solar system.<\/div>\n
\n

Carbon is one of the most prevalent elements in existence. As the fourth most abundant element in the universe, it\u2019s a building block for all known life and forms the interior of carbon-rich exoplanets.<\/p>\n

Decades of research has shown that carbon\u2019s crystal structure has a significant impact on a material\u2019s properties. In addition to graphite and diamond\u2014the most common carbon structures found at ambient pressures\u2014scientists have predicted that there are several new structures of carbon that could be found at pressures above 1,000 gigapascals (GPa). The pressures, which are approximately 2.5 times the pressure in Earth\u2019s core, are important for studying and modeling the interiors of exoplanets. However, it has historically been difficult to achieve such pressures in a laboratory setting and impossible to determine the structure of matter under those pressures.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

That is, until now.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

An international team of researchers, including researchers at the 人妻少妇专区<\/a>\u2019s Laboratory for Laser Energetics<\/a> (LLE), has successfully measured carbon at pressures reaching 2,000 GPa (five times the pressure in Earth\u2019s core), nearly doubling the maximum pressure at which carbon\u2019s crystal structure has ever been directly probed. Their results were published in the journal Nature<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is the highest pressure any atomic structure has been measured, placing key constraints on the equation of state, material strength, melting, and chemical bonding of carbon,\u201d says Gilbert (Rip) Collins<\/a>, the Tracy Hyde Harris Professor of Mechanical Engineering and associate director of science, technology, and academics at the LLE. \u201cIn our studies of the many recently discovered and yet-to-be discovered massive, carbon-rich planets, we will have to consider the diamond structure of carbon at pressures well beyond its predicted stability range.\u201d<\/p>\n

The research team, which was led by scientists from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and the University of Oxford, compressed solid carbon to 2,000 GPa using ramp-shaped laser pulses, simultaneously measuring the crystal structure using an X-ray diffraction platform to capture a nanosecond-duration snapshot of the atomic lattice. The experiments nearly double the record high pressure at which X-ray diffraction has been recorded on any material.<\/p>\n

The researchers found that even when subjected to the intense conditions, solid carbon retains its diamond structure, far beyond its range of predicted stability. The findings indicate that the strength of the molecular bonds in diamond persists even under enormous pressure, resulting in large energy barriers that hinder carbon\u2019s conversion to other possible structures.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe diamond phase of carbon appears to be the most stubborn structure ever explored,\u201d says Ryan Rygg<\/a>, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering<\/a> and of physics<\/a> and a senior scientist at the LLE. \u201cThis could have implications for carbon in the deep interiors of planets, where the precipitation of diamond is expected. Now we anticipate the diamond structure of carbon will persist over a much greater range of planetary conditions than we previously thought.\u201d<\/p>\n

The collaboration and the suite of capabilities available at Rochester\u2019s Laser Lab, the largest US Department of Energy university-based research program in the nation, and at Lawrence Livermore\u2019s National Ignition Facility has in part led to the recently awarded Center for Matter at Atomic Pressures<\/a>, hosted by the 人妻少妇专区. The center, which is the first major initiative from the National Science Foundation in the field of high-energy-density science, focuses on understanding the physics and astrophysical implications of matter under pressures so high that the structure of individual atoms is disrupted.<\/p>\n

\n<\/div>\n

Read more<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\n
\"illustrationRochester leads effort to understand matter at atom-crushing pressures<\/strong><\/a>
\nThe University is the host institution for a NSF\u2013funded national collaboration to explore \u2018revolutionary states of matter.\u2019<\/span><\/div>\n
\"illustrationExperiments replicate high densities in \u2018white dwarf\u2019 star remnants<\/strong><\/a>
\nRochester researchers help lead work to simulate pressures of white dwarf stars, work that may offer ideas for creating new materials on Earth.<\/span><\/div>\n
\"glowResearch provides new insights into the evolution of stars<\/strong><\/a>
\nThe High-Energy-Density Physics Theory Group at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics studied how matter under high-pressure conditions might emit or absorb radiation.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Measuring carbon at the highest pressures ever achieved in a laboratory, researchers at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics report first model of the carbon structures that may make up planets outside the solar system.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":912,"featured_media":466442,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[116],"tags":[23312,18662,18632,5296,16072],"class_list":["post-466332","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sci-tech","tag-department-of-mechanical-engineering","tag-department-of-physics-and-astronomy","tag-hajim-school-of-engineering-and-applied-sciences","tag-laboratory-for-laser-energetics","tag-school-of-arts-and-sciences"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNew research on carbon cracks open secrets deep inside exoplanets<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"人妻少妇专区 researchers measure carbon at ultra-high pressures, revealing clues to the structure of exoplanets.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/new-research-on-carbon-opens-secrets-inside-exoplanets-466332\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"New research on carbon cracks open secrets deep inside exoplanets\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"人妻少妇专区 researchers measure carbon at ultra-high pressures, revealing clues to the structure of exoplanets.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/new-research-on-carbon-opens-secrets-inside-exoplanets-466332\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"News Center\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-01-27T16:55:44+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-01-30T16:28:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/fea-carbon-exoplanets.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Lindsey Valich\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Lindsey Valich\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/new-research-on-carbon-opens-secrets-inside-exoplanets-466332\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/new-research-on-carbon-opens-secrets-inside-exoplanets-466332\/\",\"name\":\"New research on carbon cracks open secrets deep inside exoplanets\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/new-research-on-carbon-opens-secrets-inside-exoplanets-466332\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/new-research-on-carbon-opens-secrets-inside-exoplanets-466332\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/fea-carbon-exoplanets.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-27T16:55:44+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-01-30T16:28:45+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/#\/schema\/person\/fcd7d29a5b8e855924bf73b764dcd827\"},\"description\":\"人妻少妇专区 researchers measure carbon at ultra-high pressures, revealing clues to the structure of exoplanets.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/new-research-on-carbon-opens-secrets-inside-exoplanets-466332\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/new-research-on-carbon-opens-secrets-inside-exoplanets-466332\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/new-research-on-carbon-opens-secrets-inside-exoplanets-466332\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/fea-carbon-exoplanets.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.rochester.edu\/newscenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/fea-carbon-exoplanets.jpg\",\"width\":1000,\"height\":600,\"caption\":\"An artist\u2019s rendering of 55 Cancri e, an exoplanet rich in carbon. 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